The Mists of Avalon, by Marion Zimmer Bradley Essay -- essays research

The Mists of Avalon, by Marion Zimmer Bradley The Mists of Avalon, by Marion Zimmer Bradley, is not only an example of a Medieval Romance, but also tells the story of the women who stood behind King Arthur during his infamous reign in the Middle Ages. The term â€Å"Medieval Romance† does not necessarily mean that the piece using it contains any sort of romance. There are three criteria that must be meet to form a Medieval Romance. (1) The plot must divide into sharply separate episodes that often do not seem joined in any obvious casual fashion. (2) The plots generally take the form of tests that they must pass to attain form goal. (3) The protagonist fails tests, which often involve acts of moral and spiritual perception, until such a point that they finally follow advice. This book is not a typical Medieval Romance, but it contains all the important aspects of one. This novel explains the reasoning and decisions that Arthur made from the perspective of the women involved. The Mists of Avalon is a twist on the Arthurian tales as told by the four women instrumental to the story: Gwynhefar, Arthur’s wife; Igraine, his mother; Viviane, the Lady of the Lake, High Priestess of Avalon; and Morgaine, his sister, lover, and heiress to Avalon. The story is told by each as they saw it happen. In this novel, the legend of King Arthur is for the first time told through the lives, the visions, and the perceptions of the women central to it. By telling the story through a woman’s perspective The Mists of Avalon provides a feminine insight into the depths of Arthurian legend previously dominated by men.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The struggle between Christianity and the religion of Avalon is one of the central parts of the story. Arthur, whose mother was Igraine, sister to Viviane, grows up to be High King of Britain after his father, Uther Pendragon, dies. In this era there were two religions that the people studied. One was under the Christians vows. They believed that their was only one god, theirs. They believed that all other gods were false and sinful. In the Christian beliefs, the women were believed to be the ultimate sinners. Under this belief they were always made to feel subservient to their men. The other religion was under the Goddess, who the people in the mystical world of Avalon believed were responsible for man and all of its creations. It is stated of... ...y wished for a baby and had no ill will towards Avalon. The same goes for Morgaine, there was no malice in her actions, and we see this since her actions are told from her own perspective, not of a man’s. Arthur betrayed Avalon and this was the result. In the male perspective of Arthurian legend we see only actions of the women. In this tale told by women we see their thoughts behind their actions. These thoughts were not know from the male’s perspective, but with the woman’s insight into these matters we see that more clearly.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In a world where men largely dominate Arthurian legend, The Mists of Avalon gives us a profound feminine insight. The Arthurian world of Avalon and Camelot with all its passions and adventures is revealed as its heroines might have experienced it: Queen Gwynhefar, Igraine, Viviane, and Arthur’s sister, Morgaine. This is a story of profound conflict between Christianity and the old religion of Avalon. It was a story of Arthur’s betrayal of Avalon. It was the first time that an Arthurian legend was told by the viewpoint of the females involved in the story. The insights that these women provided to the story are truly profound.

The Golden Age of Islam

The golden age of Islamic (and/or Muslim) art lasted from 750 to the 16th century, when ceramics, glass, metalwork, textiles, illuminated manuscripts, and woodwork flourished. Lustrous glazing was an Islamic contribution to ceramics. Islamic luster-painted ceramics were imitated by Italian potters during the Renaissance. Manuscript illumination developed into an important and greatly respected art, and portrait miniature painting flourished in Persia.Calligraphy, an essential aspect of written Arabic, developed in manuscripts and architectural decoration. This paper will examine the Islamic literature, music and philosophers. The most well known work of fiction from the Islamic world was The Book of One Thousand and One Nights (Arabian Nights), which was a compilation of many earlier folk tales told by the Persian Queen Scheherazade. The epic took form in the 10th century and reached its final form by the 14th century; the number and type of tales have varied from one manuscript to a nother.All Arabian fantasy tales were often called â€Å"Arabian Nights† when translated into English, regardless of whether they appeared in The Book of One Thousand and One Nights, in any version, and a number of tales are known in Europe as â€Å"Arabian Nights† despite existing in no Arabic manuscript (L. Sprague de Camp, pg. 10). This epic has been influential in the West since it was translated in the 18th century, first by Antoine Galland. Many imitations were written, especially in France. Various characters from this epic have themselves become cultural icons in Western culture, such as Aladdin, Sinbad and Ali Baba.However, no medieval Arabic source has been traced for Aladdin, which was incorporated into The Book of One Thousand and One Nights by its French translator, Antoine Galland, who heard it from an Arab Syrian Christian storyteller from Aleppo. Part of its popularity may have sprung from the increasing historical and geographical knowledge, so that pl aces of which little was known and so marvels were plausible had to be set further â€Å"long ago† or farther â€Å"far away†; this is a process that continues, and finally culminate in the fantasy world having little connection, if any, to actual times and places.A number of elements from Arabian mythology and Persian mythology are now common in modern fantasy, such as genies, bahamuts, magic carpets, magic lamps, etc (John Grant and John Cute, pg. 52). When L. Frank Baum proposed writing a modern fairy tale that banished stereotypical elements, he included the genie as well as the dwarf and the fairy as stereotypes to go. Ferdowsi's Shahnameh, the national epic of Iran, is a mythical and heroic retelling of Persian history.Amir Arsalan was also a popular mythical Persian story, which has influenced some modern works of fantasy fiction, such as The Heroic Legend of Arslan. A famous example of Arabic poetry and Persian poetry on romance (love) is Layla and Majnun, dati ng back to the Umayyad era in the 7th century. It is a tragic story of undying love much like the later Romeo and Juliet, which was itself said to have been inspired by a Latin version of Layli and Majnun to an extent. Ibn Tufail (Abubacer) and Ibn al-Nafis were pioneers of the philosophical novel.Ibn Tufail wrote the first fictional Arabic novel Hayy ibn Yaqdhan (Philosophus Autodidactus) as a response to al-Ghazali's The Incoherence of the Philosophers, and then Ibn al-Nafis also wrote a novel Theologus Autodidactus as a response to Ibn Tufail's Philosophus Autodidactus. Both of these narratives had protagonists (Hayy in Philosophus Autodidactus and Kamil in Theologus Autodidactus) who were autodidactic feral children living in seclusion on a desert island, both being the earliest examples of a desert island story.However, while Hayy lives alone with animals on the desert island for the rest of the story in Philosophus Autodidactus, the story of Kamil extends beyond the desert isl and setting in Theologus Autodidactus, developing into the earliest known coming of age plot and eventually becoming an early example of proto-science fiction (John Grant and John Cute, pg. 52). Theologus Autodidactus, written by the Arabian polymath Ibn al-Nafis (1213–1288), is an early example of proto-science fiction.It deals with various science fiction elements such as spontaneous generation, futurology, and the end of the world and doomsday. Rather than giving supernatural or mythological explanations for these events, Ibn al-Nafis attempted to explain these plot elements using the scientific knowledge of biology, astronomy, cosmology and geology known in his time. His main purpose behind this science fiction work was to explain Islamic religious teachings in terms of science and philosophy through the use of fiction.A Latin translation of Ibn Tufail's work, Philosophus Autodidactus, first appeared in 1671, prepared by Edward Pococke the Younger, followed by an English translation by Simon Ockley in 1708, as well as German and Dutch translations. These translations later inspired Daniel Defoe to write Robinson Crusoe, regarded as the first novel in English (James Thurber, pg. 64). Philosophus Autodidactus also inspired Robert Boyle to write his own philosophical novel set on an island, The Aspiring Naturalist (James Thurber, pg. 64).The story also anticipated Rousseau's Emile: or, On Education in some ways, and is also similar to Mowgli's story in Rudyard Kipling's The Jungle Book as well as Tarzan's story, in that a baby is abandoned but taken care of and fed by a mother wolf. Dante Alighieri's Divine Comedy, considered the greatest epic of Italian literature, derived many features of and episodes about the hereafter directly or indirectly from Arabic works on Islamic eschatology: the Hadith and the Kitab al-Miraj (translated into Latin in 1264 or shortly before (James Thurber, pg. 4) as Liber Scale Machometi, â€Å"The Book of Muhammad's Ladder †) concerning Muhammad's ascension to Heaven, and the spiritual writings of Ibn Arabi. The Moors also had a noticeable influence on the works of George Peele and William Shakespeare. Some of their works featured Moorish characters, such as Peele's The Battle of Alcazar and Shakespeare's The Merchant of Venice, Titus Andronicus and Othello, which featured a Moorish Othello as its title character. These works are said to have been inspired by several Moorish delegations from Morocco to Elizabethan England at the beginning of the 17th century (Nazami, 1980).A number of musical instruments used in classical music are believed to have been derived from Arabic musical instruments: the lute was derived from the al'ud, the rebec (ancestor of violin) from the rebab, the guitar from qitara, naker from naqareh, adufe from al-duff, alboka from al-buq, anafil from al-nafir, exabeba from al-shabbaba (flute), atabal (bass drum) from al-tabl, atambal from al-tinbal, the balaban, the castanet from kasatan, sonajas de azofar from sunuj al-sufr, the conical bore wind instruments, the xelami from the sulami or fistula (flute or musical pipe), the shawm and dulzaina from the reed instruments zamr and al-zurna, the gaita from the ghaita, rackett from iraqya or iraqiyya, the harp and zither from the qanun, canon from qanun, geige (violin) from ghichak, and the theorbo from the tarab.A theory on the origins of the Western Solfege musical notation suggests that it may have also had Arabic origins. It has been argued that the Solfege syllables (do, re, mi, fa, sol, la, ti) may have been derived from the syllables of the Arabic solmization system Durr-i-Mufassal (â€Å"Separated Pearls†) (dal, ra, mim, fa, sad, lam). This origin heory was first proposed by Meninski in his Thesaurus Linguarum Orientalum (1680) and then by Laborde in his Essai sur la Musique Ancienne et Moderne (1780). See as well the gifted Ziryab (Abu l-Hasan ‘Ali Ibn Nafi‘). Ottoman military ba nds are thought to be the oldest variety of military marching band in the world. Though they are often known by the Persian-derived word Mehter. The standard instruments employed by a Mehter are: Bass drum (timpani), the kettledrum (nakare), Frame drum (davul), the Cymbals (zil), Oboes and Flutes, Zurna, the â€Å"Boru† (a kind of trumpet), Triangle (instrument), and the Cevgen (a kind of stick bearing small concealed bells).These military bands inspired many Western nations and especially the Orchestra inspiring the works of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and Ludwig van Beethoven. Arab philosophers like al-Kindi (Alkindus) and Ibn Rushd (Averroes) and Persian philosophers like Ibn Sina (Avicenna) played a major role in preserving the works of Aristotle, whose ideas came to dominate the non-religious thought of the Christian and Muslim worlds. They would also absorb ideas from China, and India, adding to them tremendous knowledge from their own studies. Three speculative thinkers, a l-Kindi, al-Farabi, and Avicenna (Ibn Sina), fused Aristotelianism and Neoplatonism with other ideas introduced through Islam, such as Kalam and Qiyas.This led to Avicenna founding his own Avicennism school of philosophy, which was influential in both Islamic and Christian lands. Avicenna was also a critic of Aristotelian logic and founder of Avicennian logic, and he developed the concepts of empiricism and tabula rasa, and distinguished between essence and existence. From Spain the Arabic philosophic literature was translated into Hebrew, Latin, and Ladino, contributing to the development of modern European philosophy. The Jewish philosopher Moses Maimonides, Muslim sociologist-historian Ibn Khaldun, Carthage citizen Constantine the African who translated ancient Greek medical texts, and the Muslim Al-Khwarzimi's collation of mathematical techniques were important figures of the Golden Age.One of the most influential Muslim philosophers in the West was Averroes (Ibn Rushd), founder of the Averroism school of philosophy, whose works and commentaries had an impact on the rise of secular thought in Western Europe (Nawal Muhammad Hassan, 1980) He also developed the concept of â€Å"existence precedes essence†. Another influential philosopher who had a significant influence on modern philosophy was Ibn Tufail. His philosophical novel, Hayy ibn Yaqdhan, translated into Latin as Philosophus Autodidactus in 1671, developed the themes of empiricism, tabula rasa, nature versus nurture, condition of possibility, materialism, and Molyneux's Problem. European scholars and writers influenced by this novel include John Locke, Gottfried Leibniz, Melchisedech Thevenot, John Wallis, Christiaan Huygens. George Keith, Robert Barclay, the Quakers, and Samuel Hartlib(Nawal Muhammad Hassan, 1980).Al-Ghazali also had an important influence on Jewish thinkers like Maimonides and Christian medieval philosophers such as Thomas Aquinas. However, al-Ghazali also wrote a devastatin g critique in his The Incoherence of the Philosophers on the speculative theological works of Kindi, Farabi and Ibn Sina. The study of metaphysics declined in the Muslim world due to this critique, though Ibn Rushd (Averroes) responded strongly in his The Incoherence of the Incoherence to many of the points Ghazali raised. Nevertheless, Avicennism continued to flourish long after and Islamic philosophers continued making advances in philosophy through to the 17th century, when Mulla Sadra founded his school of Transcendent Theosophy and developed the concept of existentialism.Other influential Muslim philosophers include al-Jahiz, a pioneer of evolutionary thought and natural selection; Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen), a pioneer of phenomenology and the philosophy of science and a critic of Aristotelian natural philosophy and Aristotle's concept of place (topos); Biruni, a critic of Aristotelian natural philosophy; Ibn Tufail and Ibn al-Nafis, pioneers of the philosophical novel; Shahab al -Din Suhrawardi, founder of Illuminationist philosophy; Fakhr al-Din al-Razi, a critic of Aristotelian logic and a pioneer of inductive logic; and Ibn Khaldun, a pioneer in the philosophy of history and social philosophy. Despite a number of attempts by many writers, historical and modern, none seem to agree on the causes of decline.The main views on the causes of decline comprise the following: political mismanagement after the early Caliphs (10th century onwards), foreign involvement by invading forces and colonial powers (11th century Crusades, 13th century Mongol Empire, 15th century Reconquista, 19th century European colonial empires), and the disruption to the cycle of equity based on Ibn Khaldun's famous model of Asabiyyah (the rise and fall of civilizations) which points to the decline being mainly due to political and economic factors.References 1. L. Sprague de Camp, Literary Swordsmen and Sorcerers: The Makers of Heroic Fantasy, p 10 ISBN 0-87054-076-9 2. John Grant and J ohn Clute, The Encyclopedia of Fantasy, â€Å"Arabian fantasy†, p 52 ISBN 0-312-19869-8 3. James Thurber, â€Å"The Wizard of Chitenango†, p 64 Fantasists on Fantasy edited by Robert H. Boyer and Kenneth J. Zahorski, ISBN 0-380-86553-X 4. NIZAMI: LAYLA AND MAJNUN – English Version by Paul Smith 5. Nahyan A. G. Fancy (2006), â€Å"Pulmonary Transit and Bodily Resurrection: The Interaction of Medicine, Philosophy and Religion in the Works of Ibn al-Nafis (d. 1288)†, pp. 95–101, Electronic Theses and Dissertations, University of Notre Dame. [3] 6. Dr. Abu Shadi Al-Roubi (1982), â€Å"Ibn Al-Nafis as a philosopher†, Symposium on Ibn al Nafis, Second International Conference on Islamic Medicine: Islamic Medical Organization, Kuwait (cf. Ibnul-Nafees As a Philosopher, Encyclopedia of Islamic World). 7. Nawal Muhammad Hassan (1980), Hayy bin Yaqzan and Robinson Crusoe: A study of an early Arabic impact on English literature, Al-Rashid House for Pub lication.

The Importance of Night in Macbeth - 767 Words

When I thought about the role that the word night would play in the tragic play Macbeth, I found that there were a variety of possibilities. Immediately, I thought of the nighttime as a period of rest and revitalization. I expected that this would allow characters to recover from the day s many demands. Secondly, I connected the night to the unknown. In the night s cloak of darkness, many more things could go undiscovered than in the revealing light of day. Next, I thought that the night would mean vulnerability. As the evening closes in, everyone begins to wind down, not expecting any real action until the breaking of the dawn. In addition, while one is sleeping, they are susceptible to almost anything. The most logical time to make†¦show more content†¦The night, however, gives her the impression that Macbeth can indeed kill King Duncan with no one uncovering his contemptible crime, the same idea that Macbeth had when he said, Stars, hide your fires; / Let not light see my black and deep desires... (I,iv,50). The night s darkness even allows them to believe that they can hide Macbeth s sin from God, the all-knowing One. Next, we find an excellent example of night causing vulnerability in act II, scene iii. As King Duncan slumbers in his chambers, Macbeth, bidding the firm-set earth not to hear his steps, enters and slays the innocent and unaware monarch (56). Another key example of night s connection to vulnerability occurs in act III, scene iii, when the unsuspecting Banquo is murdered as he returns to Inverness. If Banquo had returned in the light of day, the three murderers surely would not have attempted to kill the nobleman. Finally, one can recognize the major role that night plays regarding evilness in Macbeth. All of the evil things that Macbeth does in the story occurs in the nighttime. Lennox states, ... the obscure bird / Clamored the livelong night. Some say, the earth / Was feverous and did shake, in reaction to Macbeth s first evil act, killing the king of Scotland, as seen in my word journal. Animals and even the earth itself could sense the horrible sin that Macbeth hadShow MoreRelatedMacbeth, By William Shakespeare Essay1487 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Every action has a reaction†. Macbeth by William Shakespeare is a tale which illuminates the consequences of violating the â€Å"Natural order†, the hierarchy of beings in the universe. When Macbeth, a warrior well-known for his courage and bravery, murders King Duncan acting on his unchecked ambition to claim the throne, the order was disrupted, the result†¦chaos. Shakespeare uses symbolism to illustrate the atmosphere of the play as the natural order is flung into a state of turmoil. These techniquesRead MoreThe Importance of the Theme of the Supernatural in William Shakespeares Macbeth951 Words   |  4 PagesThe Importance of the Theme of the Supernatural in William Shakespeares Macbeth The supernatural in Elizabethan times was seen as a very real threat to society. The public thought that there were such things as witches who could perform acts of the supernatural such as turning humans into animals and causing changes in the weather. Any mention of the supernatural in these times scared the public and many people, mainly women, were executed on the thought that theyRead MoreMacbeth Desire For Power Analysis888 Words   |  4 Pageshigher power, gain power for themselves, or both. Macbeth, from Shakespeare’s play â€Å"The Tragedy of Macbeth† portrays this perfectly. Macbeths drive for power is the sole focus of the play and is an important trait that defines him as a character. â€Å"The Tragedy of Macbeth† is driven by an adoration for power. Shakespeare utilizes the main character, Macbeth, to speak to humanitys craving for power over one another.The first instance that Macbeth can be seen to show his drive for power is when theRead MoreImagery in Macbeth by William Shakespeare1172 Words   |  5 PagesImagery in Macbeth William Shakespeare use of imagery creates a picture in the mind of his audiences that tells a thousand words. In most of his literary work, he shows the importance of imagery, and how authors can manipulate a readers feelings towards a character. In Macbeth, one of Shakespeare’s greatest plays, he shows his very skillfully uses imagery. Macbeth is one of the great tragedy themed plays by William Shakespeare. 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The legendary tale of Macbeth has endured the test of time and is still a largely studied and watched play in 2011. There are numerous reasons why this is, not only does this classic play have a fascinating story and characters, it also has countless themes that still present valuable lessons to be learnt in this day and age. One of those important lessons shown in this dramatic play includes the deceptive natureRead MoreSymbolism in Macbeth: Dagger, Ghosts, and Threes Essay1195 Words   |  5 PagesThroughout the play Macbeth there have been many symbols that have been proven to be significant throughout the play. Of the many I will discuss the importance of The number three, the dagger, and Banquos ghost.They are all always lingering in the play but not expressed in literal terms. A symbol is using an object or action that means something more than its literal meaning These symbols role in Macbeth are to provide a greater meaning to the play. 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American History Unit 12 Exam Review Essay examples

American History Exam Review Unit 12 1. Name the empires that were located in America before the arrival of Europeans. The Inca, the Olmec, the Maya, the Aztec, the Moundbuilders, the Iroquois, the Five Civilized Tribes. 2. Name where each tribe was located ( North or South America) and one accomplishment for each of the empires. 3. What was a joint stock company? A joint stock company was when people bought shares in companies that were hoping to explore the New World. 4. What were the new inventions that made exploration easier? (3 items) The new inventions that made exploration easier were advances in cartography, navigation, and shipbuilding. 5. Who were Vasco da Gama and†¦show more content†¦19. What was a Minuteman? A minuteman was a group of colonists who formed a militia that got to battles quickly 20. Who was Samuel Adams? Samuel Adams was a member of the Sons and Daughters of Liberty, brother of John Adams, and led to the Boston Tea Party. 21. What were the events leading up to the Boston Tea Party? The Boston Massacre led up to the Boston Tea Party 22. What was the result of the Boston Tea Party? ( be specific) The result was the Intolerable Acts, including the Boston Port Act, the Quebec Act, the Quartering Act and the Massachusetts Government Act. 23. What was the Continental Congress? The Continental Congress was a group of representatives from each colony who got together to discuss the revolution. 24. Who was George Washington and why was he important to American history? George Washington was a U.S general who wins battles ( and losses some) and goes on to become the first President of the United States of America. 25. What was the Declaration of Independence? The Declaration of Independence was the political document that declined America’s independence. 26. Who wrote the Declaration of Independence? Thomas Jefferson, Ben Franklin, and Samuel Adams wrote the Declaration of Independence. 27. 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The Social Penetration Theory Of Interpersonal Communication

The Social Penetration Theory interpersonal communication was proposed by the psychologists and theorists, Altman and Taylor in 1973, with the idea of offering an explanation for the closeness or intimacy that can develop between two people. â€Å"The social penetration theory states that as relationships develop, communication moves from relatively shallow, no intimate levels to deeper, more personal ones.†(Altman and Taylor in 1973.) They also proposed that this process towards closeness, is regulated by self-disclosure that moves slowly and orderly, from superficial to intimate. Self-disclosure -- voluntarily communication of information about one s self to another and vice versa and based on a cost-reward model. The theory is also known as the â€Å"Onion Theory† since Altman and Taylor explained self-disclosure by comparing it to the layers of an onion that has â€Å"breadth† and â€Å"depth. Breadth includes the different superficial areas of a person†™s life like family, work, neighborhood, hobbies, community, etc. â€Å"Depth† is â€Å"the degree of disclosure in a specific area of an individual’s life†, going from the outside to de inside, from superficial relationship to an intimate relationship. According to Altmar and Tylor, people’s characters are like onions with many layers, meaning that in Interpersonal Communication people starts to self-disclose from the outer layer that represents information like physical appearance and the way a person talks. Each layer represent areas ofShow MoreRelatedSocial Penetration Theory And The Theory981 Words   |  4 Pages Social Penetration Theory Yunsik Jung Western Kentucky University Abstract Irwin Altman and Dalmas Taylor originally created the Social Penetration Theory and the theory deals with the ways in which relationships develop and progress. It explains how communication enriches the relationship of two or more individuals. The theory states that closeness develops if communication begins at relatively shallow non-intimate levels and moves in gradual and orderly fashion to deeper more personal levelsRead MoreThe Social Penetration Theory the Uncertain Reduction Theory Implications on the Sales Process1334 Words   |  6 PagesUncertainty reduction theory This theory comes to explain the uncertainty among people who communicate with each other and how different types of communication will help to reduce the uncertainty. As a starting point, the developers of this theory (Charles Berger and Richard Calabrese) stated that uncertainty is an unpleasant feeling, which people prefer to avoid as much as they can. Every person has been confronted with the feeling of uncertainty, rather if it was when arriving to new a destinationRead MoreThe Effects of Facebook Communication on Social Penetration Theory1456 Words   |  6 PagesAbstract The Effects of Facebook Communication on Social Penetration Theory This paper examines a possible study to measure how CMC -- specifically Facebook communication -- is changing and evolving social penetration theory (Altman Taylor, 1973). More specifically, the surveys are designed to determine if self-disclosure is happening more quickly in Facebook relationships. Altman and Taylor examine the stages of self-disclosure in social penetration theory and this study will determine if theRead MoreSocial Penetration Theory Of Interpersonal Relationships1348 Words   |  6 PagesThe social penetration theory and cost-benefit theory are applicable to most interpersonal relationships and valuable to the field of communication studies. While they are simple in concept, analyzing the way a relationship functions according to these theories is intriguing in its own right. Both theories describe interpersonal communication tendencies in a variety of settings. In the case of one of my own relationships, the social penetration theory and cost-benefit theory hel p explain how theRead MoreSocial Penetration Theory ( Altman And Taylor s Theory882 Words   |  4 Pages Social Penetration Theory Hermeet Kalsi, Ancheta Aaron, Millie, Stephanie, Lucà ­a Skinner Mission College â€Æ' Social Penetration Theory (Altman and Taylor’s, 1973) The Social Penetration Theory interpersonal communication was proposed by the psychologists and theorists, Altman and Taylor in 1973, with the idea of offering an explanation for the closeness or intimacy that can develop between two people. â€Å"The social penetration theory states that as relationships develop, communicationRead MoreModern Family Has Won The Emmy For Outstanding Comedy Series For Five Years1008 Words   |  5 PagesLily. Modern Family highlights important social issues of our time; same-sex marriage, interracial families, international adoption, and age-gap relationships. These are modern issues that would not have existed a century ago. But today, these issues are relevant to many of the show’s viewers in their own lives. The audience can relate to many of the problems the characters face. Through each episode, the characters show us how they approach these social issues and overcome them. The diversity ofRead MoreCommunication Theory Of Interpersonal Communication Essay1219 Words   |  5 PagesProposal: Applying Communication Theory to the Study of Interpersonal Communication Marriages in the United States is at an all-time low, while divorces are at an all-time high. One may wonder why is that. Some couples are divorcing because of irreconcilable differences. One could ponder if divorce is a solution due to a breakdown in communication. This proposal will determine if communication theory can be applied to interpersonal communication to create a lasting relationship. This study willRead MoreTomorrows leader term paper1623 Words   |  7 Pagespossess at least one of the attributes. In this paper, interpersonal communication would be discussed and elaborated. Interpersonal communication has a great deal of definitions. It is defined as an interactive face-to-face process between two people, in which one’s personal characteristics, relationship with another and social status can be reflected (Hartley, 1993). However, on the other hand, some experts express interpersonal communication as a process, which gives everyone an equal opportunityRead MoreThe Impact Of Social Media On Interpersonal Relationships1100 Words   |  5 Pages In order to understand the impact that social media and technology have had on human interpersonal relationships a perspective into the theories of interpersonal relations might be of help. First of all, the very basic definition of Interpersonal relationships are the social connections that we make with others. As human beings we have a multitude of interpersonal relationships; family, friends, love interests, marriage and fellow workers. These relationships can be short lived, casual or long lastingRead MoreSocial Penetration Theory And Uncertainty Reduction Theory1647 Words   |  7 Pages Communications Theory Final paper Thomas Berry Central Michigan University Social Penetration Theory and Uncertainty Reduction Theory The theories I will focus on in this essay is Social Penetration Theory and Uncertainty Reduction Theory. The reason I choose both these theories focus on initial interactions with stingers and how relationships develop. The social penetration theory is an objective theory (A First Look at Communication, page 93) uses the example of peeling an onion

Principles of managerial finance Corporate - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about the Principles of managerial finance Corporate. Answer: Literature Review: Relevant theory of bird in the hand directly indicates about dividend distribution that is conducted by companies. the theory states that investors are risk averse in nature and tend to acquire stocks providing higher dividends (Krishman 1963). Other researches also supported the theory by detecting significant role of dividend in improving returns. The main logic behind the behavior relates to the returns that is provided from the equity market, which is relatively uncertain (Gordon and Shaprio 1956). Informational symmetry in the system of the stock market is relatively considered by the researchers, which increases likeness of dividends among investors. However, the agency theory directly indicates that dividend payments mainly reduces the overall funds that is available to the organization and hampers their ability to increase their profits by investing in different projects. Some of the researchers also reflected on the behavioral side of the policies regarding dividend payment decisions. Relevant decisions indicating increase in portion of dividend payment are evaluated, as it directly affects companys overall earnings. The researcher also indicated that managers take relevant decisions regarding increment of the dividend after evaluating the overall earnings of the organization and ability to support future expenses after the payment. Furthermore, the research also evaluated that dividend payment policy and tax structure of the organization, which indicated that dividend payment decision is relatively followed from cash flow of the firm and not the net profit figure (Linther 1956). Relevant evaluation of 392 major forms are conducted within a time from 1946 to 1964 for identifying the measures that is taken by managers while providing dividends to the investors. The Lintner model also explains the dividend payment decision in industries such as coal mining sugar jute textile chemical and cement industries. Furthermore, the decisions made by managers regarding increment in dividends only conducted if there are certain regarding rise and company's net profit (Brittain 1966). From the relevant evolution of dividend policy theory bird in hand hypothesis is considered to be improper in nature. The theory also indicates that risk level assumption directly affect dividend condition of the company. This relevant risk level directory allows the managers to evaluate current condition of the form and ability to sustain growth in the volatile market. Manager only increase the dividend after being certain about the permanent nature of increasing profitability obtained by th e organization (Fama and Babiak 1968). From the evaluation it is also identified that dividend paying PSUs compared to the total number of PSUs are relatively small. This indicates that dividend payment to issue remains constant for most of the companies even if the EPS increases. However, the other researchers state that past revenue growth future earnings of the shareholders and the systematic risk directly allows the managers to determine the dividend payout policy. The Lintner Model is mainly tested on Tunisian companies to determine their dividend policies. Moreover, from the research relevant information regarding Dividend policy is also identified to be the current earnings obtained by the organization. Without the estimation of the current earnings that is gathered by the company the managers are not able to identify the relevant dividend payments that needs to be conducted (Rao and Sarma 1971). Lastly, researches also evaluated determinants of Corporate Dividend policy that was used by Jordanian companies. This helped in identifying the portion of ownership that was maintained by government and owners (Bhattacharya 1979). Furthermore, the Dividend payment decisions is mainly made on size, age, and profitability of the firm. Other researches mainly evaluated the companies in Pakistan who were reluctant to pay dividend to the investors due to reduced profits and growth. The searchers also evaluated determinants of dividend in contacts of gulf cooperation Council countries with a primary intention of paying the difference is reduction of agency cost. the research conducted in the study likely conclude that dividend payout ratio as a correlation with ownership structure, from profitability and size, while leverage ratio as negative correlation with the dividend payment. Therefore, it is estimated that dividend payout ratio increases with the overall increment in revenue and abi lity of the company to attain higher growth (Saxena 1999). Without any future confirmation regarding growth in revenue management are reluctant to pay dividends. Data and Research Methodology: Data The overall study mainly aims in determining the divided policy of the firm, which are listed in Muscat Security Market. The data is mainly collected to the period of 2010-2015, where the 30 Index Security Market is listed. The data for the companies are mainly collected from Muscat Securities from the website, where all the relevant dividend pay-out ratio of the company is detected. The formula used for detecting the dividend pay-out ratio are depicted as follows. Dividend Pay-out Ratio= Dividends/ Net Income Firm Size: The overall firm size is relevantly adequate, where the actual total assets of the company could be identified with the help of balance sheet. Fama and French mainly stated that small firms mainly pay lower dividend compared to big firms, as they are not able to accumulate the required level of revenue to pay high dividends. this also relates to the information asymmetric and higher cost, which is incurred by small companies while issuing securities. On the other hand, for big companies it is easier to pay higher dividends and as well as incur low cost in raising the relevant funds. The researcher mainly states a positive link between firm size and dividend payment (Solberg and Zorn 1992). The dividend pay-out ratio: The ratio mainly indicates the overall dividend paid by the stakeholders related to the net income of the organization. The dividend payout ratio also indicates a constant cash outflow, which is provided by the company to its investors. The amount that is not paid to the investors are mainly retained by the organization for improving its future growth. The net income is mainly shown in the income statement of the organization where the management needs to understand whether the pay dividends or invest in future activities. The formula is used by the management for reinvesting the earnings in new future activities. This dividend payment ratio allows the management to adequately improve income by adopting new projects. Earnings Per Share (EPS): The EPS ratio directly helps the management to identify the minimum profit that is obtained from each share. The EPS directly represents the overall net income that is obtained by the organization and allotted to all its common stock. The EPS is mainly calculated with the help of following formula [(net income - preferred stock dividends) (outstanding shares)]. Return on Equity (ROE): The ratio directly indicates the relevant profitability that a firm earns during the fiscal year. The equity ratio also uses net income and common equity to identify the relevant return that is provided on the investments conducted by the equity investors (Naceur et al., 2006). The firms with high profits is expected to have a higher cash flow and can be high dividend. Furthermore, both current and past year's profit impact the dividend payments that is conducted by organizations. appositive relation between dividend and profitability the identified by researchers, which depicts the increment and evidence conducted by organization (Amidu and Abor 2006). Current Assets and Current ratio: From the constitution of current assets and current ratio the dividend that is paid by the organization are mainly considered to be a liability. This relatively indicates on the role, which is played, as an issuing company or an investor. Being investor the dividends are mainly considered and income or an asset,while for the company issuing the dividend it is mainly a liability, which reduces the current ratio value. Dividend payable is considered to be a short term liability as it needs to be paid to the investors within one year. Therefore, the dividend payable needs to be included calculation of current ratio to determine the actual financial position of the company. Dividends Per Share (DPS): Dividend per share mainly considered to be the overall amount that is paid to shareholders on per share basis. this dividend per share is mainly calculated by dividing the total outstanding shares with the total dividend paid by the organization for the current fiscal year. the formula directly help son depicting the relevant dividend per share, which could be used in identifying the dividend payout ratio and compare the growth from previous fiscal year. The formula used is as follows (total dividends paid out over a period - any special dividends) (shares outstanding). Earnings per share and dividend per share relatively different, as one directly indicates the oral earnings of the organization, while the others states expenses incurred by the organization. The dividend per share is calculated on the portion of the company's earnings after retaining the relevant income for future growth. Cash Flow (CFLOW): Cash flows mainly determined to be overall value, which is calculated from pre-tax profit plus depreciation divided by the total assets. This relevant increase in free cash flow according to the researchers radically raises agency cost, while the dividend payment reduces agency cost. Jensen et al. (1992), La Porta, Lopez de Silanes, Shleifer and Vishny (2000), Baker, Saadi and Gandhi (2007) and DeAngelo, DeAngelo and Stulz (2004) suggested that relevant positive relation between cash flow and dividend payments are detected by the researches. Debt, Equity and Dividend: The irrelevance theory directly states that changes in financial policy or capital structure directly relate to dividend policy where it is assumed that debt is for paying only in equity or vice versa. Therefore, the debt to equity ratio does not affect any kind of valuation of company, why the inventory also indicate that the dividend policy should also not affect companies value. From the perspective of balance sheet companies well you should equal real assets, which indicates that both left hand side of the balance sheet and right hand side of the balance value remains same. The total assets of the company need to equal its overall liability, which in turn makes the company solvent. On the other hand, both static trade off theory and pecking order theory directly explains the critical factor about capital structure, due to the impact of current real world scenario markets are imperfect, tax, transaction cost, information asymmetry and moral hazard. Hence , it is estimated that companies with high leverage mainly tend to pay low dividend, as they have the obligation to pay other forms of interest. Companies having higher leverage are also not obliged to pay dividends, as their source of capital is not from equity. Some of the company is mainly used the static trade off theory and reach their depth capacity, which allows them to read the tax benefits and reduce any kind of dividend payments. Furthermore, the company could also finance equity by issuing new shares and pay cash dividend if there was insufficient cash flow or no growth obtained by the organization. Financial Sector: The relevant tables directly indicate the financial services provided by 15 companies in 2016. Furthermore, the financial sector directly contains forms, which provide financial services to both retail and commercial customers. The sector directly involves insurance companies, real estate, banks and investment funds. Moreover, it is estimated that financial services performed best in low interest environment, as large portion of income is generated from mortgages and loans, which directly increases in value if interest rate drops. According to the above table, it is estimated that Bank of Muscat has the highest interest rate of 151% EPS. this directly in the keep the importance of the financial measure where the company's profitability can be identified,as high EPS indicates a better and profitable position of the company. From the overall evaluation of the financial services provided in Oman, is estimated that corporate banking, investment banking treasury, private banking, retail banking, and asset Management Services adequately provided within the premises of the country. the overall Bank in Oman directly estimated an asset of $28.1 billion in 2016, where the lowest EPS was found in bank Nizwa. The bank of Nizwa is mainly considered to be one of the dedicated Islamic Bank with full Sharia compliant products and services currently operating in Oman. The formation of Nizwa bank mainly came about with the central bank of Oman, where the license was granted to Sheikh Saud Bin Ali Al Khalili, 92 other Omani individuals, companies and pension funds. The relevant licensing directly allowed the above shareholders to constitute and found the bank. However, the declining trend of the company directly indicates a troublesome future, which might reduce its stock price. On the other hand, the liquidity of bank M uscat is higher comparing with the bank of Nizwa due to its ability to comprehend different services. The term that is used to describe the conversion of asset to cash is liquidity, which is used by investors to detect ability of the company to supported short term obligations. most liquid assets that could be identified as cash, as it could be used immediately by the organization. Certificate of deposits are less liquid, as a relevant penalty for converting them into cash needs to be borne before maturity date. saving bonds, shares of stock, options and commodities a failure considered to be liquid as it can be sold readily in the market for cash. The above measure can be adequately used by the organizations for converting the relevant assets to cash with little effort and slight penalty to support its activities. From the relevant evaluation it could be understood that liquidity level of an asset needs to be kept in mind before the investment. Other than selling the asset the organization can borrow cash against the asset for supporting its activities. This overall lending process is mainly conducted with the help of a bank, which allows the company to accumulate the required capital in form of debt. The bank with pool of money from many depositors could eventually helped the lender get the required amount for its loan to meet its financial obligations. The depositors if needs cash right away can directly withdraw it from the bank rather than going to the borrower and demanding payment of the entire note. this might help in reducing any kind of hassle in financing for both borrowers and lenders. Therefore, the bank act as a financial intermediary between the borrower and lender for smoothly conducting the lending operation. From the relevant valuation the increment return on equity can be see n, which in 2016 has reached to 60% for the bank of Muscat. This directly indicates the overall profitability obtained by the organization during the fiscal years. The higher ROE indicates that the company is deploying shareholders capital an increasing the profitability obtained from operations. From relevant evaluation the return of assets is high for the bank of Muscat, as profitability of the organization compared to process has return increased. Moreover, the management is directly utilizing the asset adequately to generate earnings. This relevant utilization conducted by the management of bank of Muscat is relatively lead to an increment and growth from 0.23 in 2010 to 0.67 in 2016. On the contrary, the overall performance of bank of Nizwa is relatively lower in comparison to other banks. The bank offers relevant services of a commercial bank in accordance with the central bank of Oman, and the Banking Law Royal Decree No. 114/2000. Moreover, the bank of Nizwa mainly increased the overall growth from 2013 to 2016 to 3% only. Takaful an Omani insurance company founded in 2013 with a Cooperative concept between funds and operations of shareholders. The policyholder is mainly considered the participants; mutual benefit investment is being conducted by the company. The managers take responsibility and operate the company on behalf of the shareholders. Individual member mainly contributes to the objective of protection and welfare of the entire group of policyholders held by the company. The insurance contract directly indicates a mutual agreement between the policy holders to support them during misfortune's. Takaful is a new company in the country which has performed good in few years due to the measures taken to reduce the risk of policyholders. Al Madina investment company is also unique organization built on its market capitalization, it develops new avenues for growth both in local economy and beyond the borders. The company is engaged in promotion of participants to promoters of project diversified in different sectors of the economy. Company also has investment in associate such as flexible industry package and Oman international marketing to support activities. the company sold its own share to Al Madina financial and investment services as per the analysis of other insurance company. The companys net revenue in 2016 accumulated to 5.07 million, while the net income came to 120.43k with a midcap of 11.60m and employee strength of 6.80k Conclusion: Relevant determinants of Corporate dividend payout ratio for Muscat security market has been evaluated in the research for the period of 2010 to 2015. the use of random effect Tobit model 1 has been conducted to cluster dependent variables of the research. From the relevant evaluation it could be understood that large farms be higher dividends, whereas firm having less information asymmetry and lower cost are not able to be hired evidence. Furthermore, it is estimated that firms not paying dividend mainly retain their earnings for future growth and development. Hence, it is estimated that new firms have positive expectation about the future, which is why the dividend payment has been increasing for the shareholders. There is positive relation between cash flow and dividend payment ratio, which is depicted in the literature review. However, negative relation between managerial ownership and dividend payment is found when forms dividend payout ratio is evaluated (Yildiz et al., 2014). The research findings directly shed light on the relevant measures that is taken by companies to manage their dividend policy. Both investors and companies can take advantage of the findings in making relevant decisions regarding investment in Companies. Furthermore, relevant research can be conducted on examining the determinants of dividend policy for different industries which might help in identifying the dividend payout ratio. Moreover, the corporate governance impact on Dividend policy can also be examined in further research. Bibliography: Gitman, L. J., Juchau, R., Flanagan, J. (2015).Principles of managerial finance. Pearson Higher Education AU. Argenti, P. A. (2015).Corporate communication. McGraw-Hill Higher Education.

Throughout The Course Of History, The Acquisition And Retention Of Bot

Throughout the course of history, the acquisition and retention of both power and wealth have been the greatest priorities of mankind, that which has been surpassed by no other. However unwarranted or immoral it may seem, the power of the greatest nations of the world has always been drawn from the rape, pillage, and plunder of foreign lands deemed to be weaker and thus obsolete. Without the procurement of the wealth of others, some of history's greatest nations would have ceased to exist. Every nation which exists today was built upon the blood and sweat of those conquered. To those who wish to retain their wealth and power, the use of murder and injustice are of no consequence. It is a simple yet horrifying fact that there are those who simply love power and who will go to any lengths to assert it and to continue asserting it. The Egyptians conquered the Hebrews and forced them to build the pyramids of the pharaohs as slaves. The Romans decimated Greece and their wealth and labor were assimilated to aid in the creation of the Roman Empire. Throughout history, the same tale unfolds time and time again: a great nation arises, and then an even greater one brings about the downfall of the first, only to later fall itself, by an outside force or internally through the mutiny of its own people or of the people it has oppressed. Thus, it is also evident that when one society attempts to press its beliefs upon another, a certain amount of resentment is to be expected from those being oppressed. When two societies meld together the outcome is always the same: the oppressing society builds up a certain amount of racism and cultural rejection against the oppressed, the oppressed society builds an equal amount of rejections towards the oppressors, and ultimately the oppressed build up resentment and rejection towards their own people as they are forced to take sides. It appears that no nation has ever been excluded from this trend, least of all Great Britain. Over a period of hundreds of years, England was able to slowly, yet forcefully, take complete control of Scotland, Ireland, and Upper Wails, ultimately forming Great Britain. Over the following centuries, the British Empire was spread the world over, inhabiting portions of such rustic, untamed lands as North America, Central America, South America, Europe, Australia, and small parts of Asia, including India. The British presence in India began in the times of Elizabeth I in the sixteenth century with a few trading centers at Madras, Bombay, and Calcutta. As the years progressed however, India became a much more important fixture in the British Empire. As the nineteenth century drew forward towards the twentieth century, India became the jewel of the British Empire, which had dwindled to a fraction of its former size and power. During the mid-eighteenth century, the French decided to challenge the pre-eminence of the British East India Company, and incited some of the states of the Mogul Empire to attack the British. At this time, India was the place where many of the second sons of titled families went as Army officers and officials to make their fortunes. One such officer was a man by the name of George Orwell. George Orwell began his career as a member of the Burmese Imperial Police in 1922 and later went on to become one of the most renowned English authors of all time. During his time as an Imperial Police Officer in India, Orwell became saturated with the country's history and customs. It is indeed no wonder that when Orwell returned to England in 1927 he began work on his first novel, Burmese Days. Published in 1934, Burmese Days has been characterized by Edmund Wilson as "certainly one of the few first-hand and really excellent pieces of fiction that have been written about India since Kipling... The author, who was born in Bengal and served in the Burmese police, is saturated with his subject... Distinguished as a work of literature." Although not quite so famous as some of Orwell's other novels, such as 1984 and Animal Farm, Burmese Days is an instant classic written by a truly gifted author whom is an authority on the subject. The novel presents a bitter and satirical picture of the white man's rule in Upper Burma. One thread of the story is a corrupt native politician's attempt to win membership in the white man's club, and the other is an Englishman's courtship of