Political Development Essay Example for Free

Political Development EssayMorocco is located in North Africa at the border of Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea . Onto the south it neighbors Western Sahara and due east with Algeria. Its terrain consists of mountain, desert and coastal plain with only about 21% of total land which is productive . The citizenry in the region basically comprise of the Berber, Arab, African, Spanish and French. Morocco is considered to be one of the most westernized Islamic nations. Its state is close to thirty million with a population growth rate of 2% per annum . Arabic is general spoken language.The Southern parts of Morocco uses French bit in the Northern parts, Spanish and French be commonly used languages. English language is a new language which is being introduced in the country. Majority of the population are Muslim affiliates and number of Jewish, while in Federal parts especially those who speak Spanish and French, a greater portion belong to catholic religion. Moroccos econo my is that of liberal in nature which follows the dictates of demand and supply. Privatization policy is not a new phenomenon as some of the spheres were handed down to the hand of private sectors.However, its economy is characterized by comparatively slow economic growth and inflation rate. Basically, employment largely anchors at outlandish sector which is never reliable due inadequate rains . Unemployment is escalating generally, affecting majority of the youths especially in urban areas . Social evils such as trafficking of young women and girls for prostitution and domestic service and sexual villainy are the characteristic phenomena in Morocco besides high aim of illiteracy, and unemployment . Non-Governmental plaques refers to lawfully constituted organizations that flow independently from the government.There are some Non Governmental musical arrangements which acts as donor and or breeding partners depending on the charter of their mandates. Virtually all of the No n-Governmental Organizations acts on homosexualitarian grounds focusing on alleviating human suffering by improving the human benefit for quality living. Some Non-Governmental organizations operates on a large scale where they may cover a very large geographical region, while still others operate at national level or in limited areas within a country .International Non-Governmental Organizations cover several geographical regions as their backdrop of operation while local Non Governmental Organizations usually operate within the country or in some parts of the country International and local anaesthetic NGOs in Morocco United States Agency for International Development (USAID) is one of the International Non-Governmental Organizations that has intensified its work in the country of Morocco through an economic program. Since Morocco has a liberal economy, it is governed by the law of supply and demands.In the context of globalization, farmers in the country would have faced cut-t hroat competition after agricultural tariffs were lowered as yield of trade agreement between USA and Morocco. To save the farmers from such agony, USAID works with the farmers to have their crop yields improved and creates alternative jobs in form of industries to avert overdependence on farming as the only way of employment. It assists by linking export business to competitively get into the US market in ways such as by cutting down the numbers of days officially needed to register the business from sixty to eleven.This was actualized when USAID got into the microfinance field in Morocco. It had two prime objectives. maven was to start a microfinance institution that would be self sustainable and grow to support the farmers and businessmens need. The second one was to foster policy that could respect this establishment of microfinance sector. All of its efforts toward making true these objectives were very successful due to its technical skills it possessed and its full commitm ent for these projects sustainability to serving large number of the distressing . This has been witnessed particularly for the last seven year of its operation.Besides improvement of economic growth of Moroccans, it also featured in improving education level by increasing access to quality education and relevant basic education to all. This was because there has been high illiteracy level in the country. To achieve this USAID used school-to-work attempt by ensuring linkage between training and employments at various levels. Basic education has much attention on achieving high retention rates to ninth grade and possible equipping the learners at this level to adaptable skills for the next level.It lays more emphasis on courses such as information technology and touristry in technical colleges as the country has prominent tourist attraction sites and this is geared to promote tourism industry in the country. Global Rights is an International Non-Governmental Organization that part ners for cleanice through advocacy of human right by collaborating with local activists. They speak to make heard injustices done at global level. It deals with legal and human rights education comprehensively from semiliterate to illiterate women from all walks of life in Morocco.This initiative aims to empower women to k this instant their collective and individual rights so as to be assertive to these right and give them power in decision making in all matters affecting them, be it in household, community, national or at global level. So far the program has reached thousands of women across the country. By so doing the initiative aims at curbing alarming number of young women and girls at risk of human trafficking for prostitution and domestic service in the region. Besides human trafficking in different parts of Morocco, there has been an increase in cases of sexual abuse among young women and girls.Therefore, this necessitated direct service and intensive advocacy . Increased access to information has been deemed to be one of the successful approaches particularly starting with community liaisons, lawyers, teacher, researchers and the at-risk population and entire community would help curb such vices. Food and Agricultural Organization has not been new in Morocco. This country having been relying heavily on the agricultural sector for employment, much is needed to be done to revive the sluggish economic growth of the country .Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) is the United body politics agency that is involved in collecting, analyzing and interpreting and sharing the information with relevant stakeholders related to floriculture and nutrition. It is barely four months when an outbreak that posed terror to sheep and goats was announced in Morocco. In the month of September peste des petites (PRR) threatened to kill about a million sheep and goats where a hundred and thirty 3 outbreaks were reported within twenty nine provinces of Morocco.Being a viral causative agent and a very contagious to all ruminants, about 17 and 5 million sheep and goats respectively were at stake . This could be translated to loss of family livelihoods as so many of them depended on this. In response to this, Food and horticulture Organization (FAO) took drastic measures after receiving request from the government to beef up the interventions. This made FAOS Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases (ECTAD) to convene a two-day impact in Tunisia to chart the way forward over the situation.During the two-day summit, it was collectively agreed to help the Morocco government to prepare an emergency plan and see its implementation unneurotic with appropriate coordination with veterinary services of Maghreb among others from neighborhood countries. Right now FAO is in the advanced stage of setting up an urgent regional cooperation project. Control measures that were taken necessitated quarantine of suspected or affected farms and institut ions and make urgent review of animal disease emergency contingency plans as well as gussy up awareness on the outbreak of the disease by all stakeholders concerning its risks and clinical signs.This is the latest development that FAO has been able to undertake in Morocco. Besides, livestock production, in the sector of agriculture, F. A. O has been in the forefront to see the country is in the process of achieving the millennium goal number one that of eradication of extreme poverty and lust through adoption of new innovations such as high yield, and fast growing crops that are drought tolerance. This will enable the country to attain level of food and nutrition security required.Use of biotechnology which has been witnessed in Nigeria where cassava clones are being propagated as disease free plants for the higher yields, are now incorporated in Morocco. World Food Program is the worlds largest humanitarian body. World Food Program is on a global flow to ensure undernourished sc hool going children are educated through its school feeding program. During worst time when there is total crop also-ran in Morocco, it has severally responded by providing relief food to the regions that needs emergency intervention.Community Based Organizations are local non-governmental organizations which are found in Morocco just like in other third world developing countries. Community based organizations collaborate with International Non-Governmental Organization and are the ground players. International Non-Governmental Organization for sustainable development make use of local organizations so that without setting other new parallel programs they can build on the existing organisation and facilitate on capacity building of the community. Faith Based Organization is a local non-governmental organization that has particular religious group affiliation.For instance, in northern parts of Morocco there is significant number of Christians who have come together to form faith b ased organizations to cater for the needs of their less fortunate member in time of need. Conclusion Non-governmental organizations primarily have humanitarian affair at their centre of focus. They feature on development transformation of community in which they are operating on. According to the transformational development indicators, the lives of many communities in different parts of the country have really improved. The level of illiteracy has decreased as a result of increased enrollment and retentions in schools .School- to- work approach has created job linkages among youths as a way of fighting unemployment in the country. Through, improving agriculture and easy accessibility to credit facilities, farmers are able to get good returns while others are able to diversify their income. This has seen improvement of living standard of the community. References Agnaou Fatima, (2004) Gender, Literacy, and empowerment in Morocco. ISBN 0415947650, 9780415947657, Routledge Davis K. Diana, (2006) Neoliberalism, Environmentalism, and Agricultural Restructuring in Morocco. The Geographical Journal, Vol. 172 Facts about Morocco, (2008).Retrieved on 16th November 2008 from http//cc. msnscache. com/cache. aspx? q=morocco+factsd=74397575479858mkt=en-USsetlang=en-USw=1d93f448,870bb89e Fisher Julie, (1998) Nongovernments NGOs and the Political Development of the Third World. ISBN 1565490754, 9781565490758, Published by Kumarian Press Kourous George Omolo Dominic, (2008) eruption of peste des petits ruminants in Morocco. Retrieved on 16th November 2008 from http//www. fao. org/newsroom/en/news/2008/1000918/index. html USAID/Morocco, (2004) Annual Report. Retrieved on 16th November 2008 from http//pdf. dec. org/pdf_docs/PDACA063. pdf

Role of Nitric Oxide in the Effect of Nebivolol

Role of Nitric Oxide in the Effect of NebivololORIGINAL RTICLEROLE OF NITRIC OXIDE IN THE EFFECT OF NEBIVOLOL ON ISOLATED TRACHEAL MUSCLE OF GUINEA PIGAsma Shaukat, Naila Abrar*, Ayesha Naureen**, Muhammad Nawaz***Background The use of beta blockers is limited by their ability to produce bronchospasm in asthmatics. Third generation -blockers like Nebivolol may show better tolerability because they may augment the release of nitric oxide (NO) from endothelial cells. However the involvement of NO in the respiratory achievement of Nebivolol remains controersial. The present demand, carried out on isolated tracheal muscle strips of greaseball pigs, was designed to explore this controversy. Method Varying tightfistedness of histamine ranging from 107 M to 103 M were used to plot a denseness response curve on the isolated tracheal muscle strips of guinea pig and was used as a control. The aforesaid(prenominal) concentration response curve was plotted in presence of a headstrong con centration of Nebivolol 106 M and then again in presence of a fixed concentration of L-Nitro Arginine Methyl Ester (L-NAME) 104 M and Nebivolol 106 M together in a series of experiments using six sets of isolated tracheal muscle strips in each case. Results Nebivolol did non produce any significant shift in the concentration response curve while in the presence of L-NAME, Nebivolol shifted the histamine concentration response curve upwards and to the left. Conclusion Nebivolol does not augment the histamine bring forth contraction of respiratory shine muscle of guinea pig but in the presence of Nitric Oxide inhibitor L-NAME a significant augmentation of the same curve occurs, indicating a manipulation of NO in the economy of respiratory smooth muscle by Nebivolol.Keywords Nebivolol, L-NAME, Concentration response curve, Tracheal muscleINTRODUCTIONPulmonary diseases with bronchial hyperactivity can be worsened or even precipitated by 2 adrenoceptor blockage more commonly seen wi th non- discriminating -blockers.1 Nebivolol is a third generation -blocker which may have advantage over unblemished -lockers due to its sparing effect on tracheal muscle attributed to its ability to augment the release of NO from endothelial cells.2,3 The potent effects of NO on vascular smooth muscle and its presence in major conducting air passages raises the possibility that it could contribute to the regulation of airway smooth muscle tone.4 However, the involvement of NO in the sparing effect of nebivolol on respiratory muscle is still controversial. Dal Negro et al, and Clini et al have compositioned in their in vivo study that single daily dose of nebivolol does not affect the production of exhaled NO in patients with mild to moderate asthma.5,6 Still at that place are some studies which report that increase in NO release by nebivolol may contribute to its respiratory effects.1,7 All the aforementioned review of literature therefore reveals the fact that there is no con sensus on the role of NO in the respiratory effects of nebivolol and needs further elucidation. The present study was therefore aimed to explore the role of nitric oxide in modulating the effect of nebivolol on tracheal muscle of guinea pig.MATERIAL AND METHODSThe present study has been conducted on the isolated tracheal smooth muscle of 24 guinea pigs (male and female) of Dunkin Hartley variety weighing 500 to 600 grams. Ethics Committee approval of the protocol was obtained. The animals were housed at animal house of Army Medical College, Rawalpindi at mode temperature, and were given tap water ad libitum and were fed with a standard diet. Krebs Henseleit solution was used as the nutrient solution the composition of which per 1000 ml is NaCl 118.2 mM, KCl 4.7 mM, MgSO4.7H2O 1.2 mM, CaCl2 2.5 mM, KH2PO4 1.3 mM, NaHCO3 25.0 mM, Dextrose 11.7 mM. Solutions of all drugs were prepared in the distilled water except for nebivolol the solution of which was prepared in Dimethyl sulphoxide since nebivolol is highly lipophilic and insoluble in water.8The trachea was obtained from guinea pigs and preserved in Krebs solution. Rings, 23 mm wide were formed from it and cut into strips by a longitudinal cut on the ventral side opposite to the smooth muscle. The strip was then suspended in a tissue bath of 50 ml capacity, containing Krebs solution at 37 C and was aerated with oxygen forever. Its one end was attached to the oxygen tube while the other end was connected to an isometric crash displacement transducer. The tissue was equilibrated for 45 minutes against an imposed tension of two grams. A tension of one gram was applied to the tracheal strip continuously by dint ofout the experiments.9 The trachealis muscle activity was recorded through the transducer on 4-channel oscillograph by adding divers(prenominal) concentrations of histamine, i.e., 10-7 to 103 M with an interval of 10 minutes between each concentration. half-dozen experiments were performed and the m ean response for each concentration was worked out. A concentration response curve was obtained by plotting the percent contraction against the logarithm of concentrations.In the second radical tracheal muscle strips were pretreated with fixed dose of nebivolol (106 M) for 15 minutes while in third group trachea was pretreated with L-NAME (104 M) for 15 minutes and then the same procedure was followed for different concentrations of histamine.10 In the fourth group the tracheal muscle was first pretreated with fixed concentration of L-NAME for 15 minutes followed by nebivolol again for 15 minutes. Then the same procedure was followed. The results have been expressed as MeanSEM using Microsoft Excel. The differences between the observations were considered significant if the p-value was less than 0.05 by using Students t-test.RESULTSGroup-1 was taken as the control group and percent response with 103 M in group-1 was taken as 100% and responses with other concentrations were compared with it (Table-1).Table-1 Comparison of Group 1 with Group 2Table-2 Comparison of Group 1 with Group 3Table-3 Comparison of Group 2 with Group 4DISCUSSIONFrom the above findings, it is inferred that nebivolol has no significant effect on histamine-induced contractions of tracheal smooth muscle. These findings support the results of in vivo study whereby nebivolol, both acutely or chronically administered, did not affect airway responsiveness to inhaled histamine in rabbits.7 Similar findings have been reported in other in vivo studies. In a study conducted by De Clerck et al., (1989) it was reported that nebivolol decreased join rate without significantly increasing pulmonary reactivity to histamine. 11In this study some aspects concerned with the mechanisms that may be responsible for the lack of bronchoconstrictor effect of nebivolol on tracheal smooth muscle were explored. There may be many possible mechanisms which can explain the sparing effect of nebivolol. It is the most se lective 1-adrenoceptor antagonist currently available for clinical use its 1 selectivity is 3.5 times more than bisoprolol which was previously considered as the most cardioselective blocker. Beta 1 receptor selectivity is an burning(prenominal) determinant of less incidence of bronchoconstriction and other adverse effects seen with cardioselective blockers.3 However several in vivo and in vitro studies have shown that cardioselective blockers such as atenolol and metoprolol do increase airway hyperresponsiveness, though to a lesser extent. De Clerck et al, (1989) compared the bronchoconstrictor effects of atenolol, nebivolol and propranolol in guinea pigs and they reported that bronchoconstriction was greatest with propranolol followed by atenolol while nebivolol had sparing effect.11 So the different effect of nebivolol can not be fully explained by its 1 selectivity.7 Another possible mechanism is that the effect of nebivolol may be because of partial agonist activity at 2 rec eptors but several studies have shown that nebivolol lacks partial agonist activity at 2 receptors.12 Therefore, this mechanism does not seem to be plausible.Nebivolol has been reported to modulate the endogenous production of NO.1 Nitric oxide is an important endogenous bronchodilator and is generated by a family of NO synthase isoforms in the airways.13 Considering the potential role of endogenous NO in the control of airways, its role was evaluated in the effects of nebivolol. For that purpose, L-NAME which is a competitive inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase was used. In one group effect of histamine was canvass on tracheal muscle strips pretreated with fixed concentrations of L-NAME (10-4M) and its curve was compared with curve of control group. The difference was statistically insignificant indicating the absence of any effect of L-NAME on histamine induced contraction of tracheal muscle. In another group, the isolated tracheal muscle of guinea pig was pretreated with fixed co ncentrations of L-NAME (10-4M) and nebivolol (10-6M) respectively and then the effects of histamine were studied on this tissue model. At all the concentrations of histamine contraction of tracheal muscle was augmented and the p-value was 14,15 Nitric oxide that is released may interfere with the cholinergic neurotransmission either by functional ill will on airway smooth muscle or via pre-junctional inhibition of release of acetylcholine from cholinergic nerve terminals. These findings suggest that NO indeed has some role in the sparing effect of nebivolol on the airways. This may be due to the reason that nebivolol induced-bronchoconstriction is counter balanced by the release of NO by nebivolol which causes bronchodilation resulting in the boilersuit sparing effect of nebivolol on the airway smooth muscle. The NO-mediated inhibition of the acetylcholine-dependent bronchoconstriction may thus contribute to explain the differences between nebivolol and other -blockers on the airwa y responsiveness. expirationNO may be responsible for sparing effect of nebivolol on airway smooth muscle. This may be due to the reason that nebivolol like classical beta blockers induces bronchospasm which is counter balanced by the relaxant effect of nitric oxide released by nebivolol thus lacking the net effect on airway smooth muscle.REFERENCESDal Negro R. Pulmonary effects of nebivolol. Ther Adv Cardiovas Dis 2009332934.Scheen AJ. Pharma-clinics medication of the month, nebivolol Rev Med Liege 20015678891.Bundkirchen A, Brixius K, Blck B, Nguyen Q, Schwinger RH. Beta 1-adrenoceptor selectivity of nebivolol and bisoprolol. A comparison of 3HCGP 12.177 and 125Iiodocyanopindolol binding studies. Eur J Pharmacol 20034601926.Matera MG. Nitric oxide and airways. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 1998113418.5. Dal Negro RW, Tognella S, Pomari C. Once daily nebivolol does not reduce airway patency in patients with COPD and arterial hypertension. Clin Drug indue 20022236167.6. Clini E, Bianchi L, P agani M, Ambrosino N.. Endogenous nitric oxide in patients with stable COAD Correlates with severity of disease. breast 1998538813.Agostino BD, Gallelli L, Falciani M, Fici F, Mangrella M. Nebivolol and airway responsiveness in the rabbit. Life Sci 200168215968.Quang TT, Rozec B, Audigane L, Gauthier C. Investigation of the different adrenoceptor targets of nebivolol enantiomers in rat thoracic aorta. Br J Pharmacol 20091566018.Gillani AH, Khan, AU, Rauf M, Ghayur MN, Siddiqui BS, WohraW, Begum S. Gastrointestinal, Selective airway and urinary bladder relaxant effect of Hyoscyamus niger are mediated through dual blockade of muscarinic receptors and Calcium channels. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 200822879.Maffei A, Pardo AD, Carangi R, Carullo P, Poulet R, Gentile MT, Vecchione C, Lembo G. Nebivolol induces nitric oxide release in the heart through inducible nitric oxide synthase activation. Hypertension 2007506526.11. De Clerck F, Van Gorp L, Loots W, Janssen PA. Differential effects of n ebivolol, atenolol and propranolol on heart rate and on bronchoconstrictor responses to histamine in the guinea-pig. Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther 19892982306.Hoffman BB. Catecholamines, sympathomimetic drugs and adrenergic receptor antagonists. In Brunton LL, Lazo JS, Parker KL (Eds). Goodman and Gillmans. The pharmacological basis of therapeutics. 11th edition, New York Mc GrawHill 2006. p. 21568.Maarsingh H, Leusink J, Zaagsma J, Meurs H. Role of the L-citrulline/L-arginine cycle in iNANC nerve-mediated nitric oxide production and airway smooth muscle relaxation in hypersensitive asthma. Eur J Pharmacol 2006546(1-3)1716.Ignarro LJ. Experimental evidences of nitric oxide-dependent vasodilatory activity of nebivolol, a third generation beta-blocker. Blood Press Suppl 20041216.Ricciardolo FL. Multiple roles of nitric oxide in the airways. Thorax 20035817582 Address for CorrespondenceDr. Asma Shaukat, Assistant Professor, Department of Pharmacology, Abbottabad International Medical Colle ge, Abbottabad, Pakistan. Res 438, Link Road, Aram Bagh, Abbottabad, Pakistan. Tel +92-992-331588Email emailprotected

Folic Acid Biotechnological Production and Applications

Folic acrimonious Biotechnological Production and ApplicationsNUR SHAHIRAH BINTI BAHARUDINSummaryFolic bitter (synthetic form) which too known as folate (naturally occurring form) is a extremity of the water soluble B complex vitamin. Folic sexually transmitted illness is man-made. It whoremonger be found in many beans, grains, fortified breakfast cereals, pasta, and green ve payables. Folic dot plays self-aggrandising part in building DNA and aids the body to eviscerate new new cells, especially red agate line cells. Folic window pane hold common properties of water-soluble vitamin which are enter the bloodstream properties immediately after being consumed through excretion in urine. Other than that, unlike fat-soluble vitamin, they are easily done for(p) in heat or by air pressure. These folic acid are absorbed into blood via portal vein to the liver.Vitamin B9 including folic acid and folate is grievous for some(prenominal) bodily functions which are used for synt hesizing and repairing DNA, RNA and , assisting rapid cell division and growth to produce healthy red blood cells. It is important for pregnant women to thrust enough folic acid to prevent major birth defects of her cockers brain or spine and enhances brain health. The memory is said to be improved through folic acid consumption. The human body does not synthesize folic acid, at that placefore to make sure we have adequate amounts ,we should take it everyday. To reduce the number of unquiet tube defects there are many countries are adopted the policy of fortification of folic acid. When fortification is introduced , many people are exposed to an increased aspiration of folic acid .With this, skittish tube defects can be prevented. For animals, diet that consists can influence DNA and histone. This races to phenotypic changes in next generation. While for humans, the increased intake leads to elevated blood concentrations and of unmetabolized folic acid. This related to decreas ed natural killer cell cytotoxicity, and reduce the response to antifolate drugs used against cancer, malaria, and cancer.Keywords Folic acid, water-soluble vitamin,fat-soluble vitamin, methylation,antifolate1 INTRODUCTIONHistory of Folic acidThrough a research made by Indian scientist, there is connection between the macrocytic anaemia and lack in the diet. However, what kind of deficiency was not determined.The name of folic acid was suggested which coming from the Latin word for the leaf foium,due to a factor suspected of having vitamin-like properties in animals that was isolated from spinach.In 1945, the importance of folic acid to treat a sign of amenia during pregnancy can be seen through a demonstration. In 1962 , Dr. Victor Herbert conducted experiment on himself in order to show a deficit of folic acid hitd a type of anemia.The experiment is successful. It was Dr. Herberts findings that set the criteria for the diagnosis of folate deficiency and the folic acid adult r equirement.Figure 1.1 Chemical Structure of Folic Acid2 FOLIC ACID BIOLOGICAL ROLES2.1 DNA and Cell DivisionFor the production DNA and RNA synthesis and maintaining new cells, folate is required. And it is also required in preventing changes to DNA, and, and so, for preventing cancer. More specifically it helps in the manufacture of nucleic acids like Thymine. A folate coenzyme is required for the synthesis of methionine, and methionine is required for the synthesis of S-adenosylmethionine (SAM). SAM is a methyl assembly (one-carbon unit) donor used in many biological methylation reactions, including the methylation of a number of sites within DNA and RNA.2.2 Biochemistry of DNA base and amino acid productionIn the form of a series of tetrahydrofolate (THF) compounds, folate derivatives are substrates in a number of single-carbon-transfer reactions, and also are involved in the synthesis of dTMP (2-deoxythymidine-5-phosphate) from dUMP (2-deoxyuridine-5-phosphate). It is a substr ate for an important reaction that involves vitamin B12 and it is necessary for the synthesis of DNA and required for all dividing cells.2.3 Conversion to biologically active derivativesAll the biological functions of folic acid are performed by tetrahydrofolate and other derivatives. Their biological availability to the body depends upon dihydrofolate reductase action in the liver. This action is un usually slow in humans. Due to this low activity, it has been suggested this limits the conversion of folic acid into its biologically active forms when folic acid is consumed at levels higher than the Tolerable Upper Intake Level (1 mg/d for adults)3 FOLIC ACID USES AND EFFECTIVENESSKidney diseaseAbout 90% of people with serious kidney disease have high levels of homocysteine. High levels of homocysteine have been linked to heart disease and stroke.By taking folic acid,it may deject homocysteine levels in people with serious kidney disease. However,through a research, folic acid supp lementation are found fail to reduce the risk of heart disease-related events.Colon CancerFolic acid play big role of protection for patients with the inflammatory bowel condition ulcerative colitis are particularly at risk for colon cancer. In a subsequent study, researchers examined the effects of folate on a laboratory model of colorectal cancer development in mice. They discovered that animals consuming a folate-deficient diet developed intestinal masses, while those mice on a control diet consuming adequate amounts of folate remained free of tumors. The conclusion is that folate deficiency increased DNA dam come on by decreasing the expression of two genes involved in DNA repair. This study is consistent with the majority of epidemiological studies in humans, which demonstrate a clear link between colorectal cancer development and inadequate folate consumption.4 Folic Acid The most essential wholesome for PregnancyFolic acid is well-known as the most essential nutrient for pr egnancy. There are many studies have shown that women can reduce the risk that their baby will be born with a serious neural tube defect ( incomplete development of the brain and spinal anaesthesia cord) up to 70% for women who get 400 micrograms (0.4 milligrams) daily prior to conception and during early pregnancy.The most common neural tube defects are spina bifida, an incomplete closure of the spinal cord and spinal column anencephaly, operose underdevelopment of the brain encephalocele, when brain tissue protrudes out to the skin from an abnormal opening in the skull.Its so important for all women of childbearing age to get enough folic acid , not just those who are planning to become pregnant, be case all of these defects occur during the first 28 days of pregnancy usually before a woman even knows shes pregnant. Through a survey, only 50% of pregnancies are planned, so any woman who could become pregnant should make sure shes getting enough folic acid.Folic acid has no use bi ochemically in the body until it is converted into these other forms of folate such asTetrahydrofolate (THF)5-formyltetrahydrofolate (Folinic acid)5-10-methylenetetrahydrofolate5-methyltetrahydrofolate (Methylfolate5 FOOD SOURCES OF FOLATEFolic acid is a form of folate. Since folate is water-soluble B vitamin, it is found naturally in foods. This vitamin cannot be synthesized in our body. Folate is important for everyone especially it helps make red blood cells. If you do not have enough folate, you can get a type of anaemia. If you have anaemia you may feel tired, weak and unable to concentrate. Folate also very important for infants, children and women who are pregnant. It helps to prevent some birth defects. Women who could become pregnant, are pregnant or breastfeeding need more folate. They should take a daily folic acid supplement of 400 mcg (0.4 mg).In addition to poor dietary intake of deficient intake of other B vitamins can contribute to folate deficiency. These vitamins i nclude B1, B2, and B3 which are all involved in folate recycling. Poor protein intake can cause deficiency of folate binding protein which is needed for optimal absorption of folate from the intestine, and can also be related to an insufficient supply of glycine and serine, the amino acids that directly participate in metabolic recycling of folate. Excessive intake of alcohol, smoking, and heavy coffee drinking can also contribute to folate deficiency.How frequently folate should everyone aim?Nutrient InteractionsHow do other nutrients interact with folate ?Vitamins B1, B2, and B3 must be present in adequate amounts to enable folic acid to can hide a vitamin B12 deficiency, by masking blood-related symptoms.A Food Rating System is created in order to better help to identify foods that give birth a high concentration of nutrients for the calories they contain, we created This system allows us to highlight the foods that are especially rich in particular nutrients. The following cha rt shows the Worlds Healthiest Foods that are both an excellent, very good, or good source of folate. Next to each food name, we may find the serving size we used to calculate the foods nutrient compositionTable 1.2 Use the following to determine the intake of folate6 FOLIC ACID DEFICIENCYShortage of folic acid can cause severe health problems in military issue, including anaemia, cardiovascular and liver diseases. A study out today revealed that the metabolism of folic acid not only impacts the immediate offspring but can also have detrimental health effects on the next several generations due to a mutation in a gene necessary. The new research, which also focus on the molecular(a) mechanism of folic acid.The damaging effects of folic acid deficiency on development are sort of renowned. This is demonstrated t by the researchers, from the Universities of Cambridge and Calgary. They used mice in this experiment as they metabolize folic acid very similarly to humans, because folic acid deficiency or mutations in the same genes required to break down folic acid in humans result in similar developmental abnormalities and diseases in mice. This enables the researchers to analyze the effects of how the molecular mechanism of folic acid deficiency impacted development that causing health problems.Other than that, inadequate in either B12 or folate can lead to macrocytic anaemia, a disease which red blood cell are larger than normal. It characterized by the production of fewer but larger red blood cells, thus a reduce ability to carry oxygen. Those affected may be weak, light-headed, and short of breath due to anemia. A deficiency in B12 can also result in varying degrees of neuropathy or nerve damage .The symptoms of lack of B12 can cause itchy and numbness in the persons hands and feet. In severe cases, mental changes that range from confusion and irritability to dementia may appear.For proper foetal development, pregnant women need sufficient amounts of folate.I ncreased amounts of folate required because of the added stress of chop-chop growing cells (the foetus), If a woman has a folate deficiency during pregnancy, it will be quicken during gestation and may lead to premature birth and neural tube birth defects, such as spina bifida, in the child. The number of neural tube defect cases decreased by 36% in the U.S. since focusing on folate supplements during pregnancy. Restless leg syndrome during pregnancy is another neurologic symptom associated with decreased folate.

Plyometric Exercises and Their Benefits for Football Players

Plyometric Exercises and Their Benefits for Football PlayersThe benefits of polymetric use of goods and servicess for soccer players and theimportance of when in a grooming session these reference of actions shouldbe implemented.IntroductionThe subject of shape and physiology is a broad topic. Researchers confuse known for many years that exercise benefits the body in unhomogeneous ship canal and there is not a practicing physician anywhere that does not recommend it to his/her patients. But the actual effects of exercise on a mortals ability to perform an activity argon not well understood. Whether the increase in ability to perform is due to what is known as ponderosity keeping, increased vigour mass, or simply based on repetitive act is hard to determine in a quantitative sense. In the succeeding(prenominal) few pages a case exit be made for what ar known as polymetric exercises specifically for increased soccer playing ability.In allege to explore the subjects of exercise and kinesiology it is necessary to look at an adequate list of background information beforehand therefore before delving directly into the core subject matter, a few public principles shoot out be discussed to provide a framework of thinking for the remainder of the paper. A few principles that atomic number 18 crucial to the understanding(a) of the effects of polymetric exercise be muscularity physiology, various exercise regimes, and finally the basics of polymetrics and why they work.Muscle PhysiologyThe human body is made up of hundreds of muscles from the most subtile (i.e. the muscles that c relapse your eyelid) to very large conspicuous muscles (quadriceps, gluteus maximus, etc.). The large muscles are generally the ones that human beings train to become stronger and more adept, however all muscles draw the resembling basic structure. Each muscle is made up of a series of strands of tissue known as muscle fibers. These fibers work together as one large u nit to form what we know as muscle separates. The major muscle crowds that most people know about and understand the situation of are the bicep brachi(biceps),pectoralis major (pecs), quadriceps femoris (quadriceps), and rectus abdominas (abs). These groups are the major muscle groups that people tend to utilisation or train in prescribe to lose weight or tone up and are the muscles with which the majority of the population is most familiar with.While a working knowledge of the major muscle groups is sufficient for the everyday layperson going to the gym, to really understand what is involved in the build up of muscle mass and the accumulation of what is known as muscle memory it is necessary to understand what is going on at the cellular train. Muscle cells work together with the nerves to perform actions. The bodys nerves create an electrical impulse triggered by a potassium gradient which then stimulates the muscle cells into action. Even though this entire process takes o ftentimes less than a second, there are still modal values of maximizing the efficiency and output of the muscle cells. Some of the muscle cells are part of what are known as immediate vellication muscle fibers and oppositewises are part of backward twitch muscle fibers. These concepts will be discussed more in the undermentioned section. ready twitch versus soggy twitch musclesExperts usually split muscles into two general groupings or types. The first type is called spry twitch muscle fiber. Fast twitch muscles are the muscles that react quickly to stressors (ie sprinting, reverberateing, or punching). The agile twitch fibers are usually what are termed the shorter muscle fibers. Even though the actual natural length of the fibers are no different from the time-consuming or slow twitch muscle fibers, the term short refers to the type of energy they use and the types of activities that these muscle fibers are suited best for. Fast twitch muscle fibers are better suited for activities that require quick movements for short amounts of time. For instance, sprinters build up fast twitch muscle fibers, so do boxers, and to an extent soccer players do as well (Vannatta 2002). These muscle fibers are powered by quick or fast energy which is provided by ATPs produced by carbohydrates. In do to build up these fast twitch muscles specific types of exercises work best. General exercises (jogging, weight training, calisthenics) will build the muscle fibers up to a certain point, especially if this is the first activity in a while or ever for that matter. However, once a reasonable level of fitness is achieved it begins to get harder to realize increased fast twitch muscle enhancement. It is due to this new plateau of difficulty that enquiryers have true different types of exercises to specifically address the fast twitch muscle fibers (Pollock et al 1998).There are several different types of exercises that can be used to thrash fast twitch muscle fiber pla teaus. These exercises utilize techniques that capitalize on movements that require quick employment of energy. A few examples of exercises would be anything that requires jumping, dexterity drills, or footwork drills. All of these exercises increase the muscle memory of the fast twitch muscle fibers. Muscle memory is defined as the tendency for muscles to remember or hold a propensity for the motions of a specific action. This is due to a muscles direct feedback mechanism connected with growth. Once a muscle is punctuate and the stressor is removed, the muscle takes time to recover. Depending on the amount of stress, the muscle can take varying amounts of time to recover. Also, once the muscle is stressed it will not exactly recover to the original state of the muscle but it will increase its resistance to stressors to the point of the initial stress event (Rhea et al 2003). In other words, once the muscle fiber is torn by work (ie exercise) it will repair itself to a point whe re it can resist the same type of exercise stress again later and in the process builds up an increased muscle mass. Its the accompaniment of muscle memory exercises and the increased resistance to stressors that leads to the abolishment of a fast twitch muscle fiber performance plateau.While fast twitch muscle fibers rely on quick use of energy, slow twitch or long muscle fibers require the use of sustainable energy found in slower burning sources such as protein and fats. These muscle fibers are better suited for types of activities that require muscle endurance. Slow twitch muscle fibers are responsible for activities such as long distance running, rowing, and cycling. grand muscle fibers must be equipped with the formidability needed for endurance events, as well as be able to work in join with the fast twitch muscle fibers for quick bursts of speed. No one has solely fast twitch or solely slow twitch muscles. Each person has a specific ratio of slow to fast twitch muscle f ibers that determines what kind of sports or activities that they are better suited to (ie endurance vs. sprints). In other words, marathon runners have more slow twitch muscle fibers than do sprinters and boxers have more fast twitch muscle fibers in similitude to cyclists. Although the ratio of muscle fiber types plays a role in determining the types of sports and activities that a person participates in, it is not a completely firm method of deciding on the type of performance expected from an individual.Some sports, like soccer, are activities that require a fair amount of both slow twitch and fast twitch muscle fibers in holy order to perform at the extravagantlyest level, and this holds true for many sports (Ekblom 1986). Therefore the question is how can athletes enhance the performance of both their slow twitch muscle fibers and fast twitch muscle fibers with one series of exercises?. In the past there has not been a good answer to this question. Coaches and athletes have simply trained one set of muscle fibers on one day and then train the other muscle fibers on the next days. In this way all of the muscle fiber types were being trained, but not in a single training session, and thus the simulation of a play or competitive event was not accurately depicted. However, recently kinesiology has taken an interesting turn with regard to training multiple muscle groups at the same time. The next section will discuss a few of these techniques at length.Exercises to train multiple muscle groupsResearchers have determined that there are sets or groupings of exercises that can effectively train both slow and fast twitch muscle fibers, as well as training multiple muscle groups, concurrently. This group of exercises is collectively known as polymetric exercises. The meaning of the word polymetric is just as its roots imply. These are exercises that employ techniques to train multiple (poly-) muscles at once victimization different movements (-metrics). There are several different types of exercises that are all considered polymetric exercises. These exercises include all non-isolationistic movement, or in other words, any exercise or movement that trains more than one muscle or muscle group at a time. These exercises can include plyometric exercises, isotonic exercises, polykinetic exercises , polytonic exercises or compound exercises. We will look at each type briefly as a preliminary procedure.Plyometric ExercisePlyometric exercises are a group of exercises that many organized sports teams and athletes are familiar with. Plyometrics are usually implemented in what are also known as drills. These can include such practices as box jumping, jump roping, line hops, etc. Basically, plyometrics serve to recreate certain situations that the athlete may encounter during a competitive event. This could be anything from jumping over a would be tackler, making a quick turn to avoid an foe, or jumping over a hurdle. There are many plyometric dril ls that are employed by various coaches and one only needs to decide on the specific movements that are used in the activity that they are involved with in order for new drills to be designed. Plyometrics are very good at training the fast twitch muscle fibers to react with greater efficiency and at a higher rate than the original state of the muscle. Even though most polymetric muscles are good at training both types of muscle fibers, plyometric exercises in general do not do a good job of training the slow twitch muscle fibers and thus are considered an earlier stage of exercise development than other more advanced polymetric exercises.Isotonic ExerciseIsotonic exercises are a group of exercises that stresses a constant load of resistance against the fence muscle. These are most easily generalized as the weight lifting exercises that people perform in a gym such as bicep curls, bench press, and standing barbell rows. Most experts agree that the use of free weights for these exerc ises is essential because free weights tend to employ more muscle groups at the same time in order to balance the weight. It is due to the act of balancing muscle groups that more muscle mass may be gained by using free weights instead of machines. Its all-important(a) to realize that not all isotonic exercises can be called polymetric exercises. In most cases the use of isotonic exercises necessitates the employment of more than one muscle group or type of muscle fiber at a time and therefore may be classified as a polymetric exercise, however in some cases isotonic exercises may isolate a single muscle or muscle group in which case they can no longer be considered a polymetric exercise.Polykinetic ExercisePolykinetic exercise literally means multiple motion or multiple movement. Dancers and tennis players perform these exercises most frequently in order to increase their spring or vertical jumping height. Polykinetic exercises sometimes are misclassified as other polymetric exerc ises such as polymetrics. Polykinetics use multiple motion exercises to employ as many muscles as possible in one specific exercises. Again, polykinetics much like plyometrics are used mostly to train fast twitch muscle fibers, however if the exercises are performed for a longer period of time then these could also be used to train the slow twitch muscle fibers as well.Polytonic ExercisePolytonic exercise is not actually a separate division of polymetric exercise but is simply used interchangeably with polymetric and plyometric when discussing various sports training activities. Literally polytonic means multiple tones and was originally applied to Greek orthography.Compound ExerciseCompound exercise is also simply another way to express the idea of an exercise which involves multiple muscle employment. However, most researchers acknowledge compound exercises as those that involve a great deal of balance as well as the actual movement of the exercise. There are now specific tools th at are used in conjunction with compound exercises which include such items as balance boards, balance balls, posture correcting exercise balls, etc. All of these items are designed to force the person exercising to not only employ their muscles during the exercise, but also use them to balance themselves and the weight at the same time.Why does polymetric training work?The idea and principle behind polymetric training is to get the most bang for your buck. Exercise kinesiologists have developed methods to get the most muscle fatigue and consequent recovery in the least amount of time and energy expenditure. This age of technology is the fastest paced since the industrial revolution and does not appear to be slowing down any. Therefore it is imperative for immediatelys athletes to be able to train as many muscle groups as possible in one session, while still maintaining a high level of performance. Polymetric exercises allow this to happen and in some cases have been shown to provi de the best possible training for the competitive event for which they are intended (Noda et al. 1998).The Ins and Outs of PolymetricsPolymetric exercises have been shown to improve the ability of many sports teams and athletes to perform at amazingly high levels when employed correctly. The types of activities that are performed are very important and should be specific to that crabby sport.For example, it has been shown that soccer players need the recruitment of both fast twitch and slow twitch muscle fibers. Soccer is a sport that requires not only stamina to last the entirety of the game while running almost constantly, but also demands small bursts of speed and energy in order to outdistance your opponent or to save the ball (Reilly 2005). In the case of soccer then, it is absolutely essential to not just train for endurance or for speed, but for a combination of the two. By utilizing polymetrics it is possible to not only train both slow and fast twitch muscle groups, but is possible to do this at the exact same time. The optimal conditioning program is the implementation of a holistic fitness approach as stated by Reilly (2005).While the types of exercises are extremely important, another aspect of training which is often overlooked is that of the time of training. This is not referring to the time of day, but rather the time in the training regime. It is believed that the epoch in the exercise routine is linked to the overall performance of the participant later in a competitive event. Using the concepts of strength and endurance as potential results, it is possible to make a few generalizations concerning training.First, an athlete will have the most energy during the beginning phase of an exercise or workout routine and will be able to produce the most power. We can say that this is when his/her strength is at its highest level throughout the entire routine.Secondly, if an athlete valued to increase his/her strength to the optimal level he/she sh ould train their bodies at the point when their strength is the highest initially so that the amount of stress on the muscles is the greatest, principal to the most growth.It would seem reasonable then to assume that in order to gain the most strength gains an athlete would do some sort of polymetric training early on in their workout routine. Since polymetrics would work multiple groups and the athlete is working these muscles early, the greatest increase in athletic ability would be in strength instead of endurance.However, if we assume that at the end of a workout period an athletes muscles are at their weakest point or are the most tired/stressed, then it is reasonable to say that the opposite is true if the polymetric exercises are performed at the end of a workout session. If performed at the end of an exercise period, polymetric drills will increase the endurance of an individual since the muscles will not be exerting the most force (ie strength) that they are capable of, bu t will instead be utilizing the longterm energy sources in the body.ConclusionPolymetric exercise encompass a wide range of workouts, drills, and exercise regimes which all help to stress the bodys muscles in many different ways. In the case of soccer players it is of the utmost importance that these techniques be employed. According to Reilly (2005) todays soccer players are enjoying an increased corporal ability and game tempo compared to decades in the past. This is due not only to better medicine and technology, but also to the increase of high end research performed in the disciplines of physiology and kinesiology. It is an obvious assumption that the temporal aspect of exercise is extremely important in determining what muscles are stressed and how. This paper has shown that in order to increase strength, athletes should perform polymetric drills at the beginning of an exercise routine and to increase stamina or endurance one should perform polymetric drills at the end of a p ractice or exercise period. This claim is significant in that it implies that polymetrics may be more important to athletes as they increase their basal fitness level and approach loftier performance levels in an effort to perform at their absolute best. It is necessary for research to continue to be done in this area so that athletes may continue to increase their performance levels naturally and without pharmaceutical enhancement.

Raising the Friving Age to 18 :: essays research papers

McDonalds Gone CountryMcDonalds, the most successful and well-known fast food chain in the world. One of which is situated in Coshocton, Ohio. Most McDonalds consist of three main colors blue, yellowed, and red. McDonalds has different themes among their many restaurants. However, the main goal is to stick with the main colors passim the restaurant. In the Coshocton restaurant there is a domain style theme. The inside, outside, menus, and even the workers uniforms relate to each other they all consist of the main colors relations with the theme.The interior of the McDonalds has the theme of a country style home. The walls consist of woodswind instrument panels with a wood strip half way up the wall. The wood strip runs horizontally throughout the restaurant. McDonalds wants to make you as comfortable as possible to ensure the comfort of eating at home. Wallpaper covers from ceiling to the wood strip. The wallpaper is of a gold color with a diamond pattern. The amount of wood u tilize in Coshoctons McDonalds gives it the very country, homey feel. The country theme reflects our confederacy in the way of our environment. Coshocton County is a very country setting. There is a lot of farming, country style homes, and historical sites. When customers eat at McDonalds they feel very comfortable taking their families there for a sit down meal with a home setting. McDonalds makes the effort to blend in with the community because by doing so their residents will feel at home. The uniforms at McDonalds consist of a pair of pants, hat, black shoes, name tag, and a polo shirt. Managers at McDonalds wear upon a light blue dress shirt, a tie of their choice, a pair of blue dress pants, a black hat with McDonalds well-to-do arches emblem on the front, and all employees are required to wear all black shoes. The crew trainers wear a red polo shirt with a yellow pinstripe that runs vertically down the undecomposed side, black pants, black hat, their name tag, and their black shoes. The regular crew members wear blue polo shirts with one yellow pinstripe down the right side of the shirt. It is a must that the crew members wear the black pants, name tag, and their hat. The significance of the uniforms is that they all have the three main colors, and these colors are used to distinguish the rank of the employees.

Life Before the Pharaohs :: Ancient Egypt Egyptian History

Life Before the PharaohsFor more than half of the twentieth century, much like the pyramids, the predynastic Egypt was a enigma to archeologists. The little discoveries that had been make from the period preceding the pharaohs were not enough to either prove or disprove the various theories circulating at the time. One of the archetypical artifacts dated at the time of the unification to be unearthed was Narmers palette, discovered by the English archeologist James Edward Quibell at the end of the nineteenth century. The discovery was made at Hierakonpolis, about four hundred and fifty miles outside of Cairo. The object depicted the unification of the Lower and Upper Egypt, the event being attributed to Narmer he withal found a macehead that carried the insignia of Scorpion, a king which was believed to have ruled Upper Egypt just before the unification. Not far from the spot where Quibell had found the palette, his colleague, Frederick W. Green, discovered an highly decorated tom b that had been built for a ruler who dominated the surrounding region almost two centuries before Narmer. Their discoveries were the first ones to document this moment of constitutional importance in history a time of political and cultural change and evolution. Unfortunately they were not nearly enough to explain that evolution. The little register available led several archeologists to come up with more or less believable theories about the predynastic Egypt. Some sustained that the society before the pharaohs was a primitive and one that could not have evolved into the great Egyptian state without any outside help. Walter Brian Emory was one of the supporters of this theory. Only three years before this dreaded discovery, an opposite English archeologist, William Fliders Petrie, had unearthed at Naqada about twenty-one hundred graves containing such objects as fired-clay pots, palettes, and amulets made of stone, bone, and ivory. The latest graves were dated to about 3100 BC, patch the earliest were dated to the predynastic period. Petrie assigned the objects found in the predynastic graves to three major periods the Amratian (3800-3500 BC), the Gerzean (3500-3200 BC), and the Protodynastic (3200-3100 BC) periods a fourth period, the Badarian (before 4000-3800 BC), is added in the 1920s. Using the scarce evidence they had, Petrie and other archeologists concluded that life before the pharaohs was quite a primitive one and it wasnt until very short before the dynastic era that the culture would evolve.

Patients with Life-Altering Illnesses Essay -- Nursing, Health Care

Communicating with someone who has a life-altering illness is not an easy task. A person involve to have compassion, patience, and listening skills. I have seen firsthand how a caring healthc ar provider and having an attitude of optimism can prolong a persons life. Illness can be characterized as acute, chronic, and life-altering (Tamparo). Acute is when a patient experiences severe symptoms for a short amount of time. Acute illnesses are not life-altering unless they are not treated. If left untreated, it may then lead into a chronic illness. A chronic illness is when the symptoms go on for a long effect of time. Some examples are arthritis, multiple sclerosis, emphysema, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Chronic illnesses may then progress to a life-threatening illness. Some examples are human immunodeficiency virus/AIDS, cancer, heart disease and diabetes. This stage is when death is inevitable. More than forty-five percent of Americans are living with a chronic illness which affects their daily activities (Consortium).It not except affects the patient but family members as well. A few of the healthcare problems that are common with a life-altering illness are stress, trust issues with the healthcare system and family, depression, and cease of life decision making. Having a good swan system is so important to these patients so, keeping the communication open between the physician and patient allow for help tremendously. It will relieve some of the frustration that accompanies the illness.Some of the biggest obstacles patients with a life-altering illness deal with are (1) The stigma of the disease (2) Lack of adequate family support (3) The impact of the disease on themselves and their family (4) Lack of adequate resources (Rober... ...ongress Briefed on the Self Management of Chronic Illness. (2011) 1-5. Consortium of Social Science Associations (COSSA). 2011. Web. 17 June 2011.Farber, MD, Neil J., Susan Y. Urban, MD, Virginia U. Coll ier, MD, Joan Weiner, PHD, Ronald G. Polite, Elizabeth B. Davis, PHD, and E. Gill Boyer The bang-up News About Giving Bad News to Patients. Dec. 2002. Groopman, Jerome E. The Anatomy of Hope How People Prevail in the Face of Illness. New York Random House, 2004. Print. Kowalczyk, Liz, ed. Learning the Patients View. 20 Mar. 2006. Web. 17 June 2011. Roberts, Cleora S., Cindy Severinsen, Chuck Kuehn, Drew Straker, and C. Joy Fritz. Obstacles to Effective Case Management with AIDS Patients The Clinicians Perspective. Web. 17 June 2011.Tamparo, C., and W. Lindh. Therapeutic Communication for Healthcare. Clifton Park Delmar Cenage Learning, 2007. Print.